ATTENTION! Damaging hail detected. Hail tracking is now active for this region: Champaign, ILATTENTION! Damaging hail detected. Hail tracking is now active for this region: Champaign, IL
Hi folks! Stay ahead of the storm with a 48-hour severe weather outlook, precise hail alerts, and live hail tracking. Access hail insights, historical hail maps, and detailed reports across 300+ regions for better planning and fewer "uh-oh" moments. Stay informed, stay safe, and stay protected - all completely free. Hi folks! Stay ahead of the storm with a 48-hour severe weather outlook, precise hail alerts, and live hail tracking. Access hail insights, historical hail maps, and detailed reports across 300+ regions for better planning and fewer "uh-oh" moments. Stay informed, stay safe, and stay protected - all completely free.
NOAA/NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER REPORTS + U.S. CENSUS DATA
Hail, Wind & Tornado Reports in and near New London, MO
Public hail, wind, and tornado reports in and near New London, MO from August 20, 1980 through April 27, 2026, sourced from NOAA/NWS Local Storm Reports and SPC storm report data.
Example: 63459 — search hail, wind and tornado public reports for any U.S. ZIP code
Hail Reports
28
Wind Reports
41
Tornado Reports
1
Max Hail Size
1.75″
Source NOAA SPC · NWS Local Storm ReportsCoverage New London, MO · 1980–presentUpdated Daily · last Apr 27, 2026
Latest NWS Hail Reports in and near New London, MO
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 3 S Hannibal, MO
1.00″hail
Mar 31, 2023 5:50 PM UTC
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: REPORT FROM MPING: QUARTER (1.00 IN.).
NWS Hail Report Location: 4 NNW New London, MO
1.25″hail
Mar 31, 2023 5:48 PM UTC
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 4 ENE Spaulding, MO
1.25″hail
Mar 31, 2023 5:45 PM UTC
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: DELAYED REPORT.
NWS Hail Report Location: 3 ENE Spaulding, MO
1.00″hail
May 13, 2016 12:10 AM UTC
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.50″hail
May 13, 2016 12:08 AM UTC
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: REPORT FROM TRAINED SPOTTER RELAYED BY BROADCAST MEDIA
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.00″hail
Apr 25, 2012 8:30 PM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: N New London, MO
0.88″hail
Jun 9, 2011 5:14 PM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 1.6 WSW Flinthill, MO
1.25″hail
May 11, 2011 1:06 PM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 6 E New London, MO
1.00″hail
Jul 25, 2009 3:50 AM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 2.13 WNW Flinthill, MO
0.75″hail
Jun 22, 2008 5:14 PM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: N New London, MO
1.75″hail
May 30, 2008 4:43 PM CST-6
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: Storm spotters reported hail up to golfball size on Highway T.
NWS Hail Report Location: 4 ENE New London, MO
0.75″hail
Mar 30, 2006 10:40 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
0.75″hail
Mar 12, 2006 6:05 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 2 SW New London, MO
0.88″hail
Mar 11, 2006 4:20 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
0.75″hail
Nov 5, 2005 6:55 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: Storm spotters reported 3/4 inch hail.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.25″hail
Aug 28, 2005 4:40 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: A storm spotter reported 1 1/4 inch hail between New London and Hannibal.
NWS Hail Report Location: 4 N New London, MO
1.00″hail
Aug 9, 2004 4:46 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
0.88″hail
Aug 9, 2004 4:44 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.00″hail
May 24, 2004 9:30 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.75″hail
May 12, 2002 1:54 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.75″hail
May 12, 2002 1:43 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.00″hail
May 12, 2002 1:40 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
0.88″hail
May 1, 2002 12:15 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: The local police reported nickel size hail in New London.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
0.88″hail
Apr 19, 1996 3:30 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: 2 S New London, MO
0.75″hail
Apr 13, 1993 1:40 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: New London, MO
1.00″hail
Jul 2, 1992 3:25 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: Not provided, MO
1.00″hail
Apr 5, 1988 5:00 PM CST
Hail report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Hail Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Hail Report Location: Not provided, MO
Showing 15 of 28
Hail Damage Risk for Your Home+
Hail reports describe hail by diameter, often comparing stone size to familiar objects like peas, quarters, golf balls, and softballs. Use this guide as a starting point for possible hail damage to your roof, siding, gutters, vents, windows, and exterior. Actual hail damage depends on hail hardness, density, wind speed, impact angle, roof age, shingle condition, roof pitch, roofing material, installation quality, and prior storm damage.
Pea
0.25″
Low
Usually too small to cause hail damage to most sound asphalt roofs, siding, or gutters.
Mothball
0.50″
Sub-Severe Watch
Below the NWS severe-hail threshold, but not always harmless. Repeated small hail can scuff surfaces, wear aging shingles, and loosen protective granules over time.
Penny
0.75″
Minor / Watch
Below the NWS severe-hail threshold, but roof hail damage is still possible on older, brittle, poorly installed, or previously damaged shingles. May also mark screens, vents, gutters, and soft metal.
Nickel
0.88″
Minor / Watch
Still below the severe-hail threshold, but large enough to leave visible marks on soft metal and add wear to older or hail-weakened roof shingles.
Quarter
1.00″
Watch
The NWS severe-hail threshold. Quarter-size hail can bruise shingles, dent soft metal, and create roof hail damage worth checking.
Half Dollar
1.25″
Watch
More likely to dent gutters, vents, flashing, and siding. Hail damage risk rises quickly on older roofs or hail-weakened shingles.
Ping Pong / Walnut
1.50″
Likely
Hail damage becomes more likely, including bruised shingles, granule loss, dented siding, and damaged roof vents.
Golf Ball
1.75″
Likely
Often causes roof hail damage, cracked shingles, dented gutters, damaged flashing, and siding impacts. A roof inspection is recommended.
Hen Egg
2.00″
Serious
Can crack or puncture shingles, expose mat, dent siding, and cause widespread hail damage across the roof and exterior.
Tennis Ball
2.50″
Serious
Can cause heavy roof hail damage, punctured siding, broken skylights, damaged vents, and widespread exterior damage.
Baseball
2.75″
Major
Major hail damage is likely, including severe roof impacts, damaged siding, broken windows, and possible major roof repairs.
Tea Cup / Large Apple
3.00″
Major
Can cause heavy hail damage across the roof, siding, gutters, windows, and exterior. Significant repairs are often needed.
Softball
4.00″
Extreme
Destructive hail damage. Can severely damage roofing materials, siding, windows, gutters, vents, vehicles, and exterior surfaces.
Grapefruit
4.50″
Extreme
Catastrophic hail damage risk for roofs, windows, vehicles, siding, gutters, and exterior surfaces.
Source: NOAA / National Weather Service hail size references are used for hail-size comparisons and the 1.00″ severe-hail threshold. Damage descriptions are general homeowner guidance, not official NOAA/NWS damage ratings. Sub-severe hail under 1.00″ is below the severe threshold, but that does not mean “no roof damage.” Penny- to nickel-size hail can still contribute to granule loss, cosmetic surface marks, and added wear, especially on older, brittle, poorly installed, or previously damaged roofs.
Latest NWS Wind Reports in and near New London, MO
Wind Report Description: Numerous reports of trees and power lines down across Ralls County... particularly along Route V near New London. Time estimated from radar.
NWS Wind Report Location: 1 E New London, MO
UNKmph
Jun 17, 2022 8:37 AM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: LARGE TREE DOWN ON A HOUSE IN NEW LONDON. REPORT VIA FACEBOOK.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
UNKmph
Oct 24, 2021 9:08 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: TREE DOWN IN NEW LONDON NEAR THE SHERIFFS OFFICE.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
UNKmph
Apr 7, 2021 10:50 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: REPORTED THAT NEW LONDON FIRE DEPARTMENT RESPONDED TO DOWNED TREES AT BUFORD CAVE LANE.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
UNKmph
Jul 17, 2019 9:10 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: LARGE TREE (12 INCH) BLOWN DOWN.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
UNKmph
Jun 16, 2019 4:20 AM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: TWO TREE LIMBS...APPROX 8 INCH IN DIAMETER...DOWN. OTHER SMALLER TREE LIMBS BLOWN DOWN. RELAYED BY WGEM. TIME ESTIMATED BY RADAR.
NWS Wind Report Location: 3 N New London, MO
UNKmph
Jul 19, 2016 10:10 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: TWO POWER POLES BENT OVER HIGHWAY 19 BLOCKING ROADWAY
NWS Wind Report Location: 1 SW New London, MO
UNKmph
Jul 13, 2016 7:05 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
UNKmph
Jul 7, 2016 12:51 PM UTC
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: POWER LINES DOWN RELAYED BY COUNTY EMERGENCY MANAGER.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
60mph
Jul 7, 2014 10:30 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew down several large tree limbs as well as a stop sign at the intersection of U.S. Highway 61 and Highway HH.
NWS Wind Report Location: 4.02 NNW Flinthill, MO
64mph
Jun 27, 2011 12:25 AM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew down several trees and uprooted several more.
NWS Wind Report Location: 3.82 SSE New London, MO
110mph
Jun 9, 2011 5:10 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: A microburst occurred over northeastern Ralls County with damage spread out for about a mile. Initially some trees were uprooted west of U.S. Highway 61 along Trabue Lane, then as the downburst spread out to the east, numerous other trees were either snapped off or uprooted. Several homes along Stable Drive, which parallels U.S. Highway 61 to the west, were damaged, one significantly. The failure point on the house that was significantly damaged was the garage door facing to the east. The overhang was uplifted and set down. The homes on either side also had their overhangs uplifted and set back down. However the home in the middle also lost much of its roof with the roof tossed 40 to 50 yards to the west, with insulation thrown over a hundred yards to the west to the tree line. A bit further to the east along U.S. Highway 61, several billboards were destroyed and a number of trees and tree limbs were blown down up to a mile east of U.S. Highway 61. The width of the overall damage path was about three quarters of a mile. No injuries were reported.
NWS Wind Report Location: 2.61 NW Flinthill, MO
71mph
Jul 19, 2010 10:12 AM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew down several large trees and numerous large tree limbs. A couple of the trees fell onto unoccupied cars near the courthouse in New London. The 71 mph wind gust was recorded on a tow boat in the Saverton Lock and Dam.
NWS Wind Report Location: N New London, MO
60mph
Jun 27, 2010 5:08 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew down several large tree limbs.
NWS Wind Report Location: 4.14 NNW Flinthill, MO
64mph
Aug 28, 2008 6:15 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Numerous trees were blown down as well as numerous large tree limbs. Also, several power lines were blown down.
NWS Wind Report Location: 2.63 NW Flinthill, MO
60mph
Jul 29, 2008 3:05 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Numerous large tree limbs were blown down. Also, some metal flashing from the roof of a business was blown off two miles south of Hannibal.
NWS Wind Report Location: 4.29 NNW Flinthill, MO
70mph
Jul 21, 2008 8:28 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew 2 semis off of U.S. Highway 61, 3 miles south of Hannibal.
NWS Wind Report Location: 4.1 NNW Flinthill, MO
64mph
Oct 17, 2007 11:45 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: A barn sustained moderate damage and several trees were uprooted just west of US 61 on Highway A.
NWS Wind Report Location: .9 NW New London, MO
60mph
Aug 12, 2007 10:15 PM CST-6
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Numerous trees were blown down in town.
NWS Wind Report Location: N New London, MO
60mph
Mar 30, 2006 10:40 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm winds blew down a power line at the intersection of Highways 61 and 19, as well as several trees.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
60mph
Mar 30, 2006 10:40 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Wind Report Location: 1 N New London, MO
58mph
Jun 8, 2005 1:25 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Amateur radio spotters reported some large tree limbs down.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
Sep 15, 2004 5:35 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: The County Sheriff reported a tractor trailer overturned on Highway 19 southwest of Perry.
NWS Wind Report Location: 10 SW New London, MO
60mph
May 24, 2004 9:40 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
Sep 26, 2003 3:20 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: The County Sheriff office reported trees down in New London.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
Jul 9, 2003 9:40 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Local law enforcement reported trees down in New London.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
May 8, 2002 8:50 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Thunderstorm wind gusts downed some trees in New London.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
Aug 23, 2000 9:50 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Local law enforcement reported trees and power lines down in town.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
63mph
May 26, 2000 9:40 PM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: Law enforcement officials reported trees down north of New London.
NWS Wind Report Location: 3 N New London, MO
64mph
Nov 10, 1998 3:00 AM CST
Wind report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Wind Report Description: No National Weather Service description provided.
NWS Wind Report Location: New London, MO
Showing 15 of 30
Wind Damage Risk for Your Home+
Storm reports list thunderstorm wind gusts in mph. The NWS marks storms as severe at 58+ mph, but wind damage to your home depends on roof age, shingle condition, installation, exposure, nearby trees, and prior hail or wind damage.
Below Severe
Under 58 mph
Minor
Usually little damage to a sound roof, but loose shingles, flashing, or debris may shift.
Severe
58–74 mph
Watch
Can loosen shingles, lift flashing, break limbs, and damage gutters, siding, fences, or trim.
Damaging
75–90 mph
Serious
Can peel shingles, damage vents, tear siding, rip gutters, and expose weak roof areas.
Extreme
90+ mph
Major
Can cause major roof covering loss, tree damage, broken windows, and structural damage.
Source: NOAA / National Weather Service storm reports. Gusts may be measured or estimated; actual wind damage varies by roof condition, exposure, and prior hail or wind damage.
Latest NWS Tornado Reports in and near New London, MO
1 reports
EF0category
Dec 27, 2008 10:07 AM CST-6
Tornado report for New London, MO
Ralls County · 3,829 Homes in County
Tornado Report Description: A tornado touched down on State Highway HH west of U.S. 61 damaging some trees in the area. The tornado travelled to the east and damaged two small apartment complexes in addition to signs and trees along U.S. 61. It continued to the east, crossing New London Gravel Road causing additional tree damage before lifting and dissipating.
NWS Tornado Report Location: 3.85 NNW Flinthill, MO
Showing 1 of 1
Tornado Damage Risk for Your Home+
After a tornado, the National Weather Service assigns an EF rating from EF0 to EF5 based on surveyed damage. The rating estimates wind speed from what the tornado damaged, so actual damage can vary by construction quality, roof age, garage doors, windows, trees, debris, and how close the home was to the tornado path.
EF0
65–85 mph
Light
Can peel shingles, damage gutters or siding, break tree limbs, and toss loose outdoor items.
EF1
86–110 mph
Moderate
Can strip roof covering, damage exterior doors, break windows, snap trees, and cause heavier siding or gutter damage.
EF2
111–135 mph
Serious
Can tear off large sections of roofing, break or uproot trees, destroy weaker structures, and cause major exterior damage.
EF3–EF5
136+ mph
Severe
Can remove roofs and walls, destroy large portions of homes, toss vehicles, and cause severe to total destruction near the path.
Source: NOAA / National Weather Service. EF ratings are assigned after a post-storm damage survey and are based on observed damage, not a direct measurement at every home.
NWS Hail, Wind and Tornado Reports in and near New London, MO on the Interactive Map
Report type
Hail
Wind
Tornado
Get a free hail report for your address
Address-level hail history. 100% free. No phone or email required.
This snapshot is for local area context only and describes the selected state, county, city, or ZIP area — not a specific home or property. For ZIP-level estimated hail impact, use Free Hail Maps to generate a hail report with key impact details for that ZIP.
Frequently asked questions
for homeowners, buyers & sellers
How many hail, wind, and tornado reports does New London have on record?
Our records show 28 hail, 41 wind, and 1 tornado reports in and near New London, MO, compiled from NOAA SPC and NWS Local Storm Reports. The most recent was reported on April 27, 2026.
What is the largest hail ever reported in New London?
The largest hail size in these storm-report records in and near New London, MO is 1.75″. It was reported near New London, MO on May 30, 2008.
A storm report showed up near my home in New London — does that mean my roof is damaged?
Not necessarily. A storm report only means hail, wind, or a tornado was observed nearby; it does not confirm damage at any specific address, and conditions change from block to block. Check an address-level hail report first, and if it looks significant, find a local pro that serves New London and ask about a Remote Hail Inspection before anyone climbs on the roof.
I am buying a home in New London — why should I look at its storm history?
Recent hail or wind can leave a roof or exterior with damage that is easy to miss during a walkthrough, and a recent roof replacement is sometimes an insurance job after a storm. Reviewing the storm history for a New London address before closing helps you ask informed questions about roof age, past repairs, and any prior claims.
I am selling a home in New London — how does this help me?
Knowing the storm history for your address lets you answer buyer questions with confidence, document repairs you have already made, and decide whether a pre-listing roof check is worthwhile. A clear hail history removes a common sticking point during negotiations.
How do I check hail history for a specific New London address?
Use the address search to pull a free address-level hail report for any property in New London — no phone number or email required. It shows recent hail activity for that address so you know whether a closer roof or exterior review makes sense.
Where does this storm report data come from, and what are its limits?
Storm reports on this page are public reports from storm events across New London, MO, sourced from NOAA SPC and NWS Local Storm Reports. They show where hail, wind, or tornado activity was reported in New London, but they do not confirm damage at any specific property. Report locations, sizes, and times may be approximate and can vary from what an individual home experienced. For property-specific hail history, use an address-level hail report or contact a participating local professional for a remote hail inspection. Pros inclusion is not an endorsement, and contacting a professional does not confirm damage at any property.
Free Hail Report By Address
Check Your Address in Seconds
Free hail report for any address in the contiguous U.S.